The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The population of Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is ageing rapidly, presenting the highest prevalence rates of dementia in the world. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate condition between normal ageing, Alzheimer's disease, and related dementias. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the prevalence of MCI in LAC countries and explore factors associated with MCI (i.e. age, sex/gender, and education). METHOD: A database search was conducted in September 2020 using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, SciELO, EMBASE, and medRxiv for population- or community-based studies, published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. RESULTS: From 2,155 screened studies, we selected reports including subjects with a precise diagnosis of MCI. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, adding up to 20,220 participants in nine countries: Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Costa Rica. Estimates for all-type MCI prevalence ranged from 6.8% to 25.5% and amnestic MCI between 3.1% and 10.5%. Estimates differed by age and education, with oldest and lower-educated adults presenting higher MCI prevalence. CONCLUSION: This first systematic review of the prevalence of MCI discusses the population strata with the highest potential to benefit from dementia risk reduction interventions in LAC countries.

Changes in prevalence of cognitive impairment and associated risk factors 2000-2015 in São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Decreases in prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia over the last two decades have been observed in different countries for cohorts entering older age. This study aimed to assess the cognitive impairment prevalence and explore associated factors among subjects aged >60 living in São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: Data came from a population-based Health, Welfare and Aging survey conducted in 2000, 2006, 2010, and 2015. Cognitive impairment was detected using the abbreviated Mini-Mental State Exam corrected by formal education years. In total, there were 5922 respondents in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: Logistic regression models adjusted for age group, income, race, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression were used to estimate cognitive impairment prevalence. Between 2015 and 2000, respondents were more likely to report formal education, hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity. Moreover, the weighted analyses showed that cognitive impairment prevalence was higher in 2015, even adjusting for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression. CONCLUSION: In contrast to decreases in cognitive impairment prevalence in other countries and despite increases in educational years, our findings suggest no secular improvements in cognitive health for the 2015 wave of older adults residing in São Paulo.

Exploring the Frequency of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in a Brazilian Sample during the COVID-19 Outbreak.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency of international concern, and the main measures to contain the spread of the coronavirus causing COVID-19 were social distancing, quarantine, and self-isolation. Although these policies are effective in containing the spread of the virus, they might represent a challenge to psychological well-being, increasing levels of depressive and anxiety-related symptoms. AIMS: We explored the frequency of anxiety and depression symptoms during COVID-19 restrictions and associations with sociodemographic factors in a Brazilian sample. METHOD: Data of a total of 936 Brazilian adults (68.2% women) aged 18 to 77 years old (M = 38.95, SD = 13.91) were collected through an online survey. RESULTS: In general, we observed a frequency of 17.36% for severe anxiety and 66.13% for severe depression symptoms, in which younger participants (18-39 years old) and women showed higher scores in anxiety and depression scales compared to older age groups. Logistic regressions showed that women were more likely to present severe symptoms of anxiety (20.4%) compared to men (10.9%), as well as respondents in the educational sector (24.3%) compared to those in the health sector (10%). CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the importance of mental health professionals in developing strategies to help younger adults to mitigate the effects of social restriction.

Music Listening in Times of COVID-19 Outbreak: A Brazilian Study.

The COVID-19 outbreak required diverse strategies, such as social distancing and self-isolation, to avoid a healthcare system crisis. However, these measures have been associated with the onset or increase of anxiety and depression symptoms in the population. Music listening was previously shown to regulate emotion, consequently reducing depression symptoms. Since previous studies with Brazilian samples have already shown a high prevalence of depressive symptoms during the first confinement period, the aim of this study was threefold: (i) to compare groups with severe depression symptoms and no depression in what concerns to demographic and socio-economic factors as well as symptoms of anxiety and resilience levels, (ii) to explore changes in music listening daily routine during the confinement measures by both groups (no depression and severe depression), and (iii) to investigate which were the main factors influencing both two groups to music listening during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study included 494 Brazilian respondents aged 18 years and above. Our online survey comprised demographics, socio-economic, and COVID-19 related questionnaires, with questions regarding music listening used during social distancing measures on which the participants rated how much each of the 41 potential reasons for listening to music changed in importance compared to the situation before the pandemic and also the evaluation of anxiety, depression, and resilience levels. The respondents with severe depression were younger and showed higher levels of anxiety symptoms and lower resilience level. Furthermore, they were increasingly likely to listen to music to feel emotionally better with the situation, to feel comfort, to forget problems, to be energetic, to decrease sad feelings, to relax, to cheer up, to forget concerns, to express feelings, to reduce anxiety, to remember better times, to relieve boredom, to mentally stimulate themselves, and to ward off stressful thoughts compared to the participants with no depression. The exploratory factor analysis (FA) identified four types of music listening functions during social distancing measures: negative mood management, cognitive functioning, positive mood management, and physical involvement, in which the participants with severe depression revealed significant differences compared to non-depressed participants for the negative mood management factor, which shows the importance of music listening to regulate their negative emotions. As a conclusion, we can argue that most of our respondents used music listening to cope with and regulate their moods during confinement, especially those who presented with severe depression symptoms.

Exploring Changes in Musical Behaviors of Caregivers and Children in Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Outbreak.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound effects on all aspects of society. Families were among those directly impacted by the first measures imposed by health authorities worldwide to contain the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 virus, where social distancing and mandatory quarantine were the main approaches implemented. Notably, little is yet known about how social distancing during COVID-19 has altered families' daily routines, particularly regarding music-related behaviors. The aim of this study was 2-fold: (i) to explore changes in families' daily routine and caregivers' levels of well-being and stress during the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil and (ii) to investigate whether musical behaviors of caregivers and the children under their care (aged from 3 to 6 years old) changed during social distancing. One hundred and eighty-eight caregivers residing in Brazil participated in an online cross-sectional study conducted between July and August 2020. Our findings suggest significant changes in families' dynamics during the COVID-19 outbreak, with parents (especially mothers) spending more time on childcare and a substantial decrease in caregiver's well-being. Regarding music-related behaviors, our results revealed considerable changes in caregivers' and children's musical activities at home during social distancing, including an increase in child-only musical behaviors and shared caregiver-child activities. Moreover, sociodemographic factors such as caregiver background and well-being as well as the child's disability status significantly influenced musical engagement at home during social distancing. This study captured some features of the home musical environment of middle-class families in Brazil in the first stages of social distancing restrictions during the pandemic and caregivers' role in providing an environment where musical experiences are nurtured. Further research is needed to better understand aspects such as the long-term impact of the changes of musical behaviors at home on musical parenting and families' well-being.

Emotional Induction Through Music: Measuring Cardiac and Electrodermal Responses of Emotional States and Their Persistence.

Emotional inductions through music (EIM) procedures have proved to evoke genuine emotions according to neuroimaging studies. However, the persistence of the emotional states after being exposed to musical excerpts remains mostly unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the curve of emotional state generated by an EIM paradigm over a 6-min recovery phase, monitored with valence and arousal self-report measures, and physiological parameters. Stimuli consisted of a neutral and two valenced musical excerpts previously reported to generate such states. The neutral excerpt was composed in a minimalist form characterized by simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns; the positive excerpt had fast tempo and major tones, and the negative one was slower in tempo and had minor tone. Results of 24 participants revealed that positive and negative EIM effectively induced self-reported happy and sad emotions and elicited higher skin conductance levels (SCL). Although self-reported adjectives describing evoked-emotions states changed to neutral after 2 min in the recovery phase, the SCL data suggest longer lasting arousal for both positive and negative emotional states. The implications of these outcomes for musical research are discussed.

How Does Allocation of Emotional Stimuli Impact Working Memory Tasks? An Overview.

In this review, we investigated the influence of happy/pleasurable and sad/unpleasant emotional stimuli on working memory (WM) performance. Twenty-eight out of 356 articles were reviewed. We observed that emotional stimuli were used as mood inductors or as targets comprising the WM task. Results showed that WM modalities were influenced differently when updating, interference resolution, span, and complex tasks were applied. Specifically, we found distinct effects of emotional stimuli for updating tasks, in which (a) verbal modality seems to be impaired regardless of the emotional valence used compared to neutral stimuli, (b) visual updating processes appear to be improved by emotional stimuli as the targets of the task, and (c) emotional words improved interference resolution performance. As for storage, span, and complex WM tasks, sad/unpleasant emotional stimuli seem to decrease both verbal and visuospatial modalities when used as emotional inductors.

Persistent Effects of Musical Training on Mathematical Skills of Children With Developmental Dyscalculia.

Musical training (MT) is perceived as a multi-sensory program that simultaneously integrates visual, aural, oral, and kinesthetic senses. Furthermore, MT stimulates cognitive functions in a ludic way instead of tapping straight into the traditional context of school learning, including mathematics. Nevertheless, the efficacy of MT over mathematics remains understudied, especially concerning longstanding effects. For this reason, this longitudinal study explored the impact of MT on numerical cognition and abstract visual reasoning using a double-blind and quasi-experimental design. We assessed two groups of children from primary schools, namely one with developmental dyscalculia [DD; n = 22] and another comprising typically developing children [TD; n = 22], who concomitantly underwent MT. Numerical cognition measurement was carried out at four different time points: Baseline (pre-MT assessment), mid-test (after 7 weeks of MT), post-test (after 14 weeks of MT), and follow-up (10 weeks after the end of MT). Significant interactions were found between time and group for numerical cognition performance, in which the DD group showed higher scores in number comprehension, number production at mid-test, and calculation at post-test compared to baseline. A key finding was that number production, number comprehension, and calculation effects were time-resistant for the DD group since changes remained on follow-up. Moreover, no significant differences over time were found for abstract visual reasoning for both groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that MT appears to be a useful tool for compensatory remediation of DD.

Enhancement of numeric cognition in children with low achievement in mathematic after a non-instrumental musical training.

Studies suggest that musical training enhances spatial-temporal reasoning and leads to greater learning of mathematical concepts. The aim of this prospective study was to verify the efficacy of a Non-Instrumental Musical Training (NIMT) on the Numerical Cognition systems in children with low achievement in math. For this purpose, we examined, with a cluster analysis, whether children with low scores on Numerical Cognition would be grouped in the same cluster at pre and post-NIMT. Participants were primary school children divided into two groups according to their scores on an Arithmetic test. Results with a specialized battery of Numerical Cognition revealed improvements for Cluster 2 (children with low achievement in math) especially for number production capacity compared to normative data. Besides, the number of children with low scores in Numerical Cognition decreased at post-NIMT. These findings suggest that NIMT enhances Numerical Cognition and seems to be a useful tool for rehabilitation of children with low achievement in math.

Cognição numérica de crianças pré-escolares brasileiras pela ZAREKI-K / Numerical cognition in brazilian preschool children by the ZAREKI-K / Cognición numérica de niños preescolares brasileños por la ZAREKI-K

A Cognição Numérica é influenciada por fatores biológicos, cognitivos, educacionais e culturais. Constitui- se tanto de um sistema primário, chamado de Senso Numérico que seria inato e de abrangência universal, quanto de sistemas secundários, como o Cálculo que está implicado a realização de operações matemáticas por meio de símbolos ou palavras e o Processamento Numérico, que se divide em dois componentes, a Compreensão Numérica, que está relacionada ao entendimento de símbolos numéricos e a Produção Numérica: que inclui a leitura, escrita e contagem de números. Entretanto, os estudos que evidenciam o desenvolvimento destas funções em crianças de idade pré-escolar são escassos. Diante disso os objetivos do presente estudo foram investigar a cognição numérica em crianças brasileiras pré-escolares e demonstrar a validade de construto da ZAREKI-K (Bateria Neuropsicológica para Avaliação do Tratamento dos Números e do Cálculo para Crianças pré-escolares). Participaram da pesquisa 42 crianças, entre 5 e 6 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, estudantes de escolas públicas de educação pré-escolar, que foram avaliadas pelos subtestes da ZAREKI-K e WISC-III. Os Resultados indicaram diferenças significativas associadas à idade em que crianças de 6 anos obtiveram melhores pontuações em subtestes relacionados a Produção numérica, Compreensão numérica e Cálculo, bem como correlações moderadas a fortes entre alguns subtestes de ambos os instrumentos, demonstrando a validade de constructo da bateria. Em conclusão, foram obtidos dados normativos preliminares para a ZAREKI-K, ademais as análises sugerem tratar-se de um instrumento promissor para a avaliação da cognição numérica em crianças pré-escolares.(AU).

The Numerical Cognition is influenced by biological, cognitive, educational and cultural factors. It consists of a primary system, called Number Sense that would be innate and universal, also of secondary systems: the Calculation, implied to perform mathematical operations by means of symbols or words and Number Processing, which is divided into two components, Number Comprehension, related with the understanding of numerical symbols and Number Production, which includes reading, writing and counting numbers. However, studies that show the development of these functions in children of preschool age are scarce. Therefore, aims of this study were to investigate numerical cognition in preschool Brazilian children to demonstrate the construct validity of the ZAREKI-K (A Neuropsychological Battery for the Assessment of Treatment of Numbers and Calculation for preschool children). The participants were 42 children of both genders, who attended public elementary schools; the children were evaluated by this battery and WISC-III. The results indicated significant differences associated with age which children of 6 years had better scores on subtests related to Number Production, Calculation and Number Comprehension, as well moderate and high correlations between some subtests of both instruments, demonstrating the construct validity of the battery. In conclusion, preliminary normative data were obtained for ZAREKI-K. The analyses suggested that it is a promising tool for the assessment of numerical cognition in preschool children.(AU).

La cognición numérica es influenciada por factores biológicos, educativos, cognitivos y culturales. Posee un sistema primario innato y universal, que es el Sentido Numérico y sistemas secundarios: el Cálculo, para realizar operaciones matemáticas por medio de símbolos o palabras y el Procesamiento Numérico, que se divide en dos componentes, la Comprensión Numérica, que implica la comprensión de los símbolos numéricos, y la Producción Numérica que incluye la lectura, escritura y conteo de números. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que muestran el desarrollo de estos sistemas en los niños de edad preescolar. Los objetivos de este estudio fueran investigar la cognición numérica en niños brasileños en edad preescolar y demostrar la validez de constructo de la ZAREKI-K (Batería Neuropsicológica para la Evaluación del Tratamiento de los Números y el Cálculo para los Niños en edad Preescolar; Weinhold-Zulauf, Schweiter, & von Aster, 2003). Los participantes fueron 42 niños de entre 5 y 6 años de edad, de ambos sexos, que estudiaban en escuelas públicas de educación preescolar, los niños fueron evaluados por la referida batería y la WISC-III. Los resultados indicaron que los niños de seis años presentaron mejores puntuaciones en las pruebas relacionadas con Producción Numérica, Cálculo y la Comprensión Numérica, así como las correlaciones altas y moderadas entre algunos subtest de ambos instrumentos, lo que demuestra la validez construirla batería. En conclusión, se obtuvieron datos preliminares normativos para el ZAREKI-K. Los análisis sugieren que este es un instrumento prometedor para la evaluación de la cognición numérica en niños preescolares.(AU).

Cognição numérica em crianças com transtornos específicos de aprendizagem / . Numerical cognition in children with specific learning disabilities / Cognición numérica en niños con trastornos específicos de aprendizaje

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o desenvolvimento de sistemas específicos da Cognição Numérica (Senso Numérico - SN, Compreensão Numérica - CN, Produção Numérica - PN e Cálculo - CA) em crianças brasileiras com Transtornos Específicos de Aprendizagem. Participaram do estudo 72 crianças (36 meninos), entre 9 e 10 anos, cursando os 4º ou 5º Anos do Ensino Fundamental em escolas públicas da região centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil; divididas em três grupos: controle (CT, N=42), com perfil de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento (DL, N = 11) e com perfil de Discalculia do Desenvolvimento combinada com dislexia (DDc, N = 19). Todas apresentavam nível intelectual médio para faixa etária. Os Transtornos Específicos de Aprendizagem foram aferidos pelo Teste de Desempenho Escolar (Stein, 1994), no qual as crianças com DDc obtiveram necessariamente classificação 'inferior' no Teste de Aritmética. Os três grupos foram similares em SN. As crianças DL e DDc apresentaram prejuízos leves em CN. Contudo, crianças com DDc apresentaram prejuízos moderados em PN e de leve a moderado em CA, o que indica um comprometimento mais generalizado em Cognição Numérica quando comparadas aos outros grupos. Em conclusão, crianças com DDc apresentaram maiores prejuízos e defasagem em relação às crianças DL e com desenvolvimento típico nos diferentes sistemas da Cognição Numérica.(AU).

The aim of this study was to investigate the development of specific domains of Numerical Cognition (Number Sense - NS, Number Comprehension - NC, Number Production - NP, and Calculation - CA) in Brazilian children with Specific Learning Disorders. The study included 72 children (36 boys), from 9-to 10-years-old, enrolled in 4th and 5th years of elementary school of public schools at countryside of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. They were divided into three groups: control (CT, N = 42), Developmental Dyslexia (DL, N = 11) and Developmental Dyscalculia combined with dyslexia (DDc, N = 19). All participants had intellectual level within the normal range, however, children from the last two groups had Learning Disorders classified by School Achievement Test - TDE (Stein, 1994) and DDc children received necessarily classification as 'inferior' in Arithmetic Test of TDE. The children did not differ in NS. DL and DDc children showed slight deficits in NC. However, DDc children had moderate in NP and mild to moderate deficits in CA, which indicates a more generalized impairment in Numerical Cognition. Furthermore, DDc children showed discrepancy in Numerical Cognition performance when compared to the other groups. Thus, children with Learning Disorders showed different performances in Numerical Cognition, although both groups had preserved SN, DDc children showed higher deficits and discrepancy in relation DL and typically developing children.(AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el desarrollo de los sistemas específicos de la Cognición Numérica (el Sentido Numérico - SN, la comprensión numérica - CN, la producción numérica - PN y el Cálculo - CA) en niños brasileños con Trastornos Específicos de Aprendizaje. El estudio incluyó a 72 niños (36 chicos), con edad entre 9 y 10 años, estudiantes de los años 4to y 5to de primaria en escuelas públicas de un pueblo del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil; divididos en tres grupos: control (CT, N = 42), perfil de la Dislexia de Desarrollo (DL, N = 11) y el perfil de la Discalculia del Desarrollo combinado con dislexia (DDc, N = 19). Todos tenían el nivel intelectual dentro del rango medio. Los trastornos del aprendizajes e evaluaron a través de la Prueba de Rendimiento Académico (Stein, 1994), en el que los niños con DDc obtuvieron una clasificación necesariamente "inferior" en la prueba de aritmética. Los tres grupos fueron similares en SN. Los niños con DL y DDc mostraron ligeras pérdidas en CN. Sin embargo, los niños con DDc sufrieron daños moderados en PN y de leves a moderados en CA, por lo tanto, exhibieron un deterioro más generalizado en la cognición numérica en comparación a los otros grupos. En conclusión, los niños con DDc presentaron mayores perjuicios do que niños con DL o desarrollo típico de los diferentes sistemas de la Cognición Numérica.(AU).

Cognição numérica em crianças com transtornos específicos de aprendizagem / Numerical cognition in children with specific learning disabilities / Cognición numérica en niños con trastornos específicos de aprendizaje

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o desenvolvimento de sistemas específicos da Cognição Numérica (Senso Numérico - SN, Compreensão Numérica - CN, Produção Numérica - PN e Cálculo - CA) em crianças brasileiras com Transtornos Específicos de Aprendizagem. Participaram do estudo 72 crianças (36 meninos), entre 9 e 10 anos, cursando os 4º ou 5º Anos do Ensino Fundamental em escolas públicas da região centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil; divididas em três grupos: controle (CT, N=42), com perfil de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento (DL, N = 11) e com perfil de Discalculia do Desenvolvimento combinada com dislexia (DDc, N = 19). Todas apresentavam nível intelectual médio para faixa etária. Os Transtornos Específicos de Aprendizagem foram aferidos pelo Teste de Desempenho Escolar (Stein, 1994), no qual as crianças com DDc obtiveram necessariamente classificação 'inferior' no Teste de Aritmética. Os três grupos foram similares em SN. As crianças DL e DDc apresentaram prejuízos leves em CN. Contudo, crianças com DDc apresentaram prejuízos moderados em PN e de leve a moderado em CA, o que indica um comprometimento mais generalizado em Cognição Numérica quando comparadas aos outros grupos. Em conclusão, crianças com DDc apresentaram maiores prejuízos e defasagem em relação às crianças DL e com desenvolvimento típico nos diferentes sistemas da Cognição Numérica.

The aim of this study was to investigate the development of specific domains of Numerical Cognition (Number Sense - NS, Number Comprehension - NC, Number Production - NP, and Calculation - CA) in Brazilian children with Specific Learning Disorders. The study included 72 children (36 boys), from 9-to 10-years-old, enrolled in 4th and 5th years of elementary school of public schools at countryside of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. They were divided into three groups: control (CT, N = 42), Developmental Dyslexia (DL, N = 11) and Developmental Dyscalculia combined with dyslexia (DDc, N = 19). All participants had intellectual level within the normal range, however, children from the last two groups had Learning Disorders classified by School Achievement Test - TDE (Stein, 1994) and DDc children received necessarily classification as 'inferior' in Arithmetic Test of TDE. The children did not differ in NS. DL and DDc children showed slight deficits in NC. However, DDc children had moderate in NP and mild to moderate deficits in CA, which indicates a more generalized impairment in Numerical Cognition. Furthermore, DDc children showed discrepancy in Numerical Cognition performance when compared to the other groups. Thus, children with Learning Disorders showed different performances in Numerical Cognition, although both groups had preserved SN, DDc children showed higher deficits and discrepancy in relation DL and typically developing children.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el desarrollo de los sistemas específicos de la Cognición Numérica (el Sentido Numérico - SN, la comprensión numérica - CN, la producción numérica - PN y el Cálculo - CA) en niños brasileños con Trastornos Específicos de Aprendizaje. El estudio incluyó a 72 niños (36 chicos), con edad entre 9 y 10 años, estudiantes de los años 4to y 5to de primaria en escuelas públicas de un pueblo del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil; divididos en tres grupos: control (CT, N = 42), perfil de la Dislexia de Desarrollo (DL, N = 11) y el perfil de la Discalculia del Desarrollo combinado con dislexia (DDc, N = 19). Todos tenían el nivel intelectual dentro del rango medio. Los trastornos del aprendizajes e evaluaron a través de la Prueba de Rendimiento Académico (Stein, 1994), en el que los niños con DDc obtuvieron una clasificación necesariamente "inferior" en la prueba de aritmética. Los tres grupos fueron similares en SN. Los niños con DL y DDc mostraron ligeras pérdidas en CN. Sin embargo, los niños con DDc sufrieron daños moderados en PN y de leves a moderados en CA, por lo tanto, exhibieron un deterioro más generalizado en la cognición numérica en comparación a los otros grupos. En conclusión, los niños con DDc presentaron mayores perjuicios do que niños con DL o desarrollo típico de los diferentes sistemas de la Cognición Numérica.

Cognição numérica de crianças pré-escolares brasileiras pela ZAREKI-K / Numerical cognition in brazilian preschool children by the ZAREKI-K / Cognición numérica de niños preescolares brasileños por la ZAREKI-K

A Cognição Numérica é influenciada por fatores biológicos, cognitivos, educacionais e culturais. Constitui- se tanto de um sistema primário, chamado de Senso Numérico que seria inato e de abrangência universal, quanto de sistemas secundários, como o Cálculo que está implicado a realização de operações matemáticas por meio de símbolos ou palavras e o Processamento Numérico, que se divide em dois componentes, a Compreensão Numérica, que está relacionada ao entendimento de símbolos numéricos e a Produção Numérica: que inclui a leitura, escrita e contagem de números. Entretanto, os estudos que evidenciam o desenvolvimento destas funções em crianças de idade pré-escolar são escassos. Diante disso os objetivos do presente estudo foram investigar a cognição numérica em crianças brasileiras pré-escolares e demonstrar a validade de construto da ZAREKI-K (Bateria Neuropsicológica para Avaliação do Tratamento dos Números e do Cálculo para Crianças pré-escolares). Participaram da pesquisa 42 crianças, entre 5 e 6 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, estudantes de escolas públicas de educação pré-escolar, que foram avaliadas pelos subtestes da ZAREKI-K e WISC-III. Os Resultados indicaram diferenças significativas associadas à idade em que crianças de 6 anos obtiveram melhores pontuações em subtestes relacionados a Produção numérica, Compreensão numérica e Cálculo, bem como correlações moderadas a fortes entre alguns subtestes de ambos os instrumentos, demonstrando a validade de constructo da bateria. Em conclusão, foram obtidos dados normativos preliminares para a ZAREKI-K, ademais as análises sugerem tratar-se de um instrumento promissor para a avaliação da cognição numérica em crianças pré-escolares.

The Numerical Cognition is influenced by biological, cognitive, educational and cultural factors. It consists of a primary system, called Number Sense that would be innate and universal, also of secondary systems: the Calculation, implied to perform mathematical operations by means of symbols or words and Number Processing, which is divided into two components, Number Comprehension, related with the understanding of numerical symbols and Number Production, which includes reading, writing and counting numbers. However, studies that show the development of these functions in children of preschool age are scarce. Therefore, aims of this study were to investigate numerical cognition in preschool Brazilian children to demonstrate the construct validity of the ZAREKI-K (A Neuropsychological Battery for the Assessment of Treatment of Numbers and Calculation for preschool children). The participants were 42 children of both genders, who attended public elementary schools; the children were evaluated by this battery and WISC-III. The results indicated significant differences associated with age which children of 6 years had better scores on subtests related to Number Production, Calculation and Number Comprehension, as well moderate and high correlations between some subtests of both instruments, demonstrating the construct validity of the battery. In conclusion, preliminary normative data were obtained for ZAREKI-K. The analyses suggested that it is a promising tool for the assessment of numerical cognition in preschool children.

La cognición numérica es influenciada por factores biológicos, educativos, cognitivos y culturales. Posee un sistema primario innato y universal, que es el Sentido Numérico y sistemas secundarios: el Cálculo, para realizar operaciones matemáticas por medio de símbolos o palabras y el Procesamiento Numérico, que se divide en dos componentes, la Comprensión Numérica, que implica la comprensión de los símbolos numéricos, y la Producción Numérica que incluye la lectura, escritura y conteo de números. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que muestran el desarrollo de estos sistemas en los niños de edad preescolar. Los objetivos de este estudio fueran investigar la cognición numérica en niños brasileños en edad preescolar y demostrar la validez de constructo de la ZAREKI-K (Batería Neuropsicológica para la Evaluación del Tratamiento de los Números y el Cálculo para los Niños en edad Preescolar; Weinhold-Zulauf, Schweiter, & von Aster, 2003). Los participantes fueron 42 niños de entre 5 y 6 años de edad, de ambos sexos, que estudiaban en escuelas públicas de educación preescolar, los niños fueron evaluados por la referida batería y la WISC-III. Los resultados indicaron que los niños de seis años presentaron mejores puntuaciones en las pruebas relacionadas con Producción Numérica, Cálculo y la Comprensión Numérica, así como las correlaciones altas y moderadas entre algunos subtest de ambos instrumentos, lo que demuestra la validez construirla batería. En conclusión, se obtuvieron datos preliminares normativos para el ZAREKI-K. Los análisis sugieren que este es un instrumento prometedor para la evaluación de la cognición numérica en niños preescolares.

Number processing and calculation in Brazilian children aged 7-12 years.

Numerical cognition is based on two components - number processing and calculation. Its development is influenced by biological, cognitive, educational, and cultural factors. The objectives of the present study were to: i) assess number processing and calculation in Brazilian children aged 7-12 years from public schools using the Zareki-R (Battery of neuropsychological tests for number processing and calculation in children, Revised; von Aster & Dellatolas, 2006) in order to obtain normative data for Portuguese speakers; ii) identify how environment, age, and gender influences the development of these mathematical skills; iii) investigate the construct validity of the Zareki-R by the contrast with the Arithmetic subtest of WISC-III. The sample included 172 children, both genders, divided in two groups: urban (N = 119) and rural (N = 53) assessed by the Zareki-R. Rural children presented lower scores in one aspect of number processing; children aged 7-8 years demonstrated an inferior global score than older; boys presented a superior performance in both number processing and calculation. Construct validity of Zareki-R was demonstrated by high to moderate correlations with Arithmetic subtest of WISC-III. The Zareki-R therefore is a suitable instrument to assess the development of mathematical skills, which is influenced by factors such as environment, age, and gender.

Number processing and calculation in Brazilian children aged 7-12 years

Numerical cognition is based on two components - number processing and calculation. Its development is influenced by biological, cognitive, educational, and cultural factors. The objectives of the present study were to: i) assess number processing and calculation in Brazilian children aged 7-12 years from public schools using the Zareki-R (Battery of neuropsychological tests for number processing and calculation in children, Revised; von Aster & Dellatolas, 2006) in order to obtain normative data for Portuguese speakers; ii) identify how environment, age, and gender influences the development of these mathematical skills; iii) investigate the construct validity of the Zareki-R by the contrast with the Arithmetic subtest of WISC-III. The sample included 172 children, both genders, divided in two groups: urban (N = 119) and rural (N = 53) assessed by the Zareki-R. Rural children presented lower scores in one aspect of number processing; children aged 7-8 years demonstrated an inferior global score than older; boys presented a superior performance in both number processing and calculation. Construct validity of Zareki-R was demonstrated by high to moderate correlations with Arithmetic subtest of WISC-III. The Zareki-R therefore is a suitable instrument to assess the development of mathematical skills, which is influenced by factors such as environment, age, and gender (AU)

La cognición numérica se basa en dos componentes: el procesamiento numérico y el cálculo. Su desarrollo está influenciado por factores biológicos, cognitivos, educativos, y culturales. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: a) evaluar el procesamiento numérico y el cálculo en niños brasileños de entre 7-12 años de escuelas públicas utilizando el Zareki-R (batería de pruebas neuropsicológicas para el procesamiento numérico y el cálculo en niños, revisada por von Aster y Dellatolas, 2006) con el fin de obtener datos normativos para los hablantes de portugués, b) determinar cómo el medio ambiente, la edad y el género influyen en el desarrollo de estas habilidades matemáticas, y c) investigar la validez de constructo del Zareki-R en contraste con el subtest de Aritmética WISC-III. La muestra incluyó a 172 niños evaluados por el Zareki-R, niños de ambos sexos, divididos en dos grupos: urbano (N = 119) y rural (N = 53). Los niños de origen rural presentaron puntuaciones más bajas en un aspecto de procesamiento numérico, los niños de 7-8 años demostraron una puntuación inferior global que los mayores; los varones presentaron un rendimiento superior tanto en el procesamiento numérico como en el cálculo. La validez del constructo del Zareki-R fue demostrada por las correlaciones de alta a moderada con el subtest de Aritmética WISC-III. El Zareki-R por lo tanto, es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el desarrollo de habilidades matemáticas, que está influenciado por factores como el medio ambiente, la edad y el género (AU)

Treino musical e capacidade da memória operacional em crianças iniciantes, veteranas e sem conhecimentos musicais / Musical training and working memory span in beginners, veterans and with no musical knowledge children

A memória operacional e a atividade musical ativam áreas encefálicas recíprocas e homólogas, contudo não há evidências se o treino musical pode ampliar a capacidade da memória operacional. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do treino musical sob a memória operacional em crianças de 9 e 10 anos de idade, praticantes de treino musical e sem experiência musical. PARTICIPANTES: Crianças Iniciantes (n=20), Veteranas (n=20) e Grupo Controle (n=20). MATERIAIS: Instrumentos computadorizados para avaliação da memória operacional. RESULTADOS: Crianças veteranas apresentaram melhores pontuações no BCPR (Teste de Repetição de Pseudopalavras para crianças brasileiras) e em subtestes da AWMA (Avaliação Automatizada da Memória Operacional). CONCLUSÃO: O treino musical parece ter contribuído para o desenvolvimento da memória operacional em crianças veteranas no programa de treino musical.(AU)

Working memory and musical activity activate reciprocal and homologues brain areas. However, there is a lack of evidence if musical training can amplify the working memory span. Objective: To assess the performance of musical training on working memory in children aged 9 and 10 years old who regularly have musical training or with no musical training at all. PARTICIPANTS: Beginners (n=20), Veterans (n=20) and a Control Group (n=20). MATERIALS: Computerized instruments to assess working memory. RESULTS: Veteran children presented higher scores in BCPR (Brazilian Children's Test of Pseudoword Repetition) and in specific tasks of AWMA (Automated Working Memory Assessment). CONCLUSION: Musical training seems to have contributed for working memory development in veteran children under musical training programs.(AU)

Treino musical e capacidade da memória operacional em crianças iniciantes, veteranas e sem conhecimentos musicais / Musical training and working memory span in beginners, veterans and with no musical knowledge children

A memória operacional e a atividade musical ativam áreas encefálicas recíprocas e homólogas, contudo não há evidências se o treino musical pode ampliar a capacidade da memória operacional. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho do treino musical sob a memória operacional em crianças de 9 e 10 anos de idade, praticantes de treino musical e sem experiência musical. PARTICIPANTES: Crianças Iniciantes (n=20), Veteranas (n=20) e Grupo Controle (n=20). MATERIAIS: Instrumentos computadorizados para avaliação da memória operacional. RESULTADOS: Crianças veteranas apresentaram melhores pontuações no BCPR (Teste de Repetição de Pseudopalavras para crianças brasileiras) e em subtestes da AWMA (Avaliação Automatizada da Memória Operacional). CONCLUSÃO: O treino musical parece ter contribuído para o desenvolvimento da memória operacional em crianças veteranas no programa de treino musical.

Working memory and musical activity activate reciprocal and homologues brain areas. However, there is a lack of evidence if musical training can amplify the working memory span. Objective: To assess the performance of musical training on working memory in children aged 9 and 10 years old who regularly have musical training or with no musical training at all. PARTICIPANTS: Beginners (n=20), Veterans (n=20) and a Control Group (n=20). MATERIALS: Computerized instruments to assess working memory. RESULTS: Veteran children presented higher scores in BCPR (Brazilian Children's Test of Pseudoword Repetition) and in specific tasks of AWMA (Automated Working Memory Assessment). CONCLUSION: Musical training seems to have contributed for working memory development in veteran children under musical training programs.